遮荫对10种地被植物光合特性的影响

为了探讨地被植物在不同遮荫条件下的适应性,本研究以10种地被植物为材料,对其在不同光照条件下的生长状态、日平均净光合速率、表观量子效率及光补偿点进行分析.结果表明:遮荫水平对10种植物的光合有很大影响,10种植物能忍受的遮荫程度不同.对旋覆花、甘野菊、大叶铁线莲、青杞、委陵菜来说,全光比较合适；对蛇莓、匍枝毛茛、匍枝委...     

白三叶返园对苹果园土壤微生物群落的影响

为了解苹果(Malus pumila)园中覆盖和埋置白三叶(Trifolium repens)对土壤微生物群落的影响,采用尼龙袋法将新鲜的白三叶覆盖和埋置到苹果园中,分别在白三叶降解1、3、6个月时,利用Biolog微平板法检测土壤微生物群落的功能多样性。结果表明,覆盖和埋置白三叶均可使苹果园土壤微生物代谢活性显著提高(P0.05),微生物的多样性除6个月外显著增加、丰富度显著增加,均匀度显著降低(P0.05),群落结构发生变化,且覆草处理大于埋草,同时,白三叶降解时间的长短也影响土壤微生物群落。土壤微生物群落主成分分析结果显示,不同返园方式间主要对羧酸类碳源的利用有差异,而导致不同降解时间土壤微生物群落代谢差异的主要是糖类。说明在苹果园覆盖和埋置白三叶可改变土壤微生物群落,而覆盖白三叶对微生物群落结构的改善情况显著优于埋置白三叶。     

Spatially targeting the distribution of agricultural input stockists in Malawi

Developing the rural agricultural input markets in sub-Saharan Africa can improve the current low productivity of smallholder farmers. Malawi has seen significant efforts in addressing the availability of agricultural inputs at village level in the last few years; for example, the improvement of rural agro-dealer networks. Nevertheless inputs are still difficult to obtain for many remote smallholder farmers. Spatial analysis can help in the expansion of input stockists, especially agro-dealer networks, by assessing the coverage of existing input outlets and deriving optimum locations for village-level input stockists.We address three research questions. First, what is the locational efficiency of the current village-level stockists of inputs (Citizens Network for Foreign Affairs – Rural Agricultural Market Development Trust trained network of agro dealers and public sector)? Secondly, how many village-level stockists of markets are needed to reach 60% of the population in the central region of Malawi within one hour? Finally we address the potential spatial components of the sustainability of input stockists relating to the potential demand from smallholder farmers and the access to bulk supplies. The problem of finding the optimum location for village-level stockists of markets is addressed in two stages, using spatial analysis in conjunction with location–allocation models. First, the locational efficiency of the existing network of stockists of inputs is determined, followed by the establishment of a set of optimal sites for village-level stockists of inputs. A final step explores the viability of stockists and calculates the population surrounding the stockists taking into account competition from other sources of inputs and the accessibility of the selected stockists to potential wholesalers who are bulk distributors of farm inputs.Our results show that locational efficiency can be assessed in terms of the differential access of households to resources and transport. Often, these differences are not considered in covering problems and can have a large effect on the physical access to inputs. The results can be used to define which areas are inherently difficult to serve with agricultural inputs and could inform efforts to provide incentives to remote areas. Further implications for input policies in Malawi are that improvements in road infrastructure might not directly benefit the poorest farmers (if they are walking) but could serve to reduce the wholesale prices and therefore the retail price. In addition, the improvement in roads might increase the number of potential customers of any particular stockist, with economies of scale allowing the reduction of prices while ensuring a satisfactory profit margin for the stockist. The results of our models imply that Citizens Network for Foreign Affairs may need to train stockists over a wider area to increase the access to inputs of those smallholder farmers with least resources.     

旱地果园起垄覆膜集雨措施对树体水分利用的影响

针对甘肃陇东黄土高原旱地苹果园季节性干旱问题,以15年生长富2号苹果树为试材,研究果园起垄覆膜、小沟集雨技术措施对土壤水分、主干液流速率、叶片光合速率等的影响。结果表明,在萌芽前晴天,覆黑地膜能显著提高主干液流速率;在果树生长季节,覆黑地膜能降低株间蒸发量,较长时间保持土壤水分,提高水分利用效率和叶片光合能力,同时可以...     

水稻旱作覆膜节水增产试验研究

通过水稻旱作全程覆膜与半程覆膜、旱作不覆膜及水栽对比试验，研究其耗水规律，计算其节水量与增产量，并进行经济效益分析，提出了适合本地区的栽培模式。     

保护性耕作土壤肥力动态变化的研究--秸秆覆盖对土壤温度的影响

保护性耕种作是指能够保持水土、培肥地力和保护生态环境的耕作措施与技术体系,以秸秆覆盖和少耕、免耕为中心内容,其技术的实质性特点是历年的作物秸秆不断地在土壤表层累积,逐渐形成肥沃的腐殖层。为此,研究了不同秸杆覆盖量对玉米田土壤温度的动态变化,结果表明:秸秆覆盖量越多,土壤温度降低越多;而4000kg/hm2秸秆覆盖在耕作层(15cm以上)温度要高于不覆盖,对玉米种子萌发和出苗有利。通过对秸秆覆盖处理的土壤温度动态变化的测定,阐明了秸秆覆盖与土壤温度动态变化的关系,为保护性耕作的实施提供了理论参考和依据。     

套袋栽培对高节竹笋品质的影响

选择生长良好、均匀的高节竹林作为样地,在出笋高峰期标记即将出土的竹笋320株,其中160株用0.3mm厚(共3层,每层0.1mm)的黑色塑料袋遮光,另160株作为对照。随着竹笋的生长,依次从遮光笋及对照笋中采收地上部分高度接近5、10、15、20、25、30、35cm的笋,待预处理后作为样品进行营养成分的分析。结果表明,在竹笋地上部分高度10～30cm范围内,套袋能降低竹笋中单宁、维生素C、粗蛋白的含量;套袋栽培的竹笋中粗纤维含量比自然生长的竹笋中的粗纤维含量约低10%以上,氨基酸总量也高于自然生长的竹笋。     

吉林省东部山区蓝莓棚式防寒技术的研究

以美登等4个蓝莓品种为试验材料,在吉林省东部山区进行冬季棚式防寒新技术与覆土防寒效果的比较研究,结果表明：棚式防寒较覆土防寒可节约成本4 485元·hm-2,果实产量增加收益12 942元·hm-2,总体收益提高了17 427元·hm-2,经济效益十分显著。     

Parsimonious Covering Probability Model for Turbogenerator Vibration Faulty Diagnosis

The turbogenerator vibration faults have the character of variety. Many faults often occur synchronously. This paper introduces a diagnosing model based on parsimonious covering theory and probability. A model for turtogenerator's fault diagnosis is proposed. The availability of this method is proved by two fault diagnosis examples of turbogenerator. The results show that the model proposed can be used for multi_fault diagnosis together. It may make up shortage for some of expert systems and neural networks in some aspect. From the practice,this model has higher reliability and practicability.     

THE DETERMINATION FOR SHAPE FUNCTIONS OF ISOPARAMETRIC TRANSITIONAL ELEMENTS WITH MOVABLE NODES

This paper applies the covering method to the isoparametrictransitional elements of movable boundary nodes.The general shape functionormulas for quadrilateral elements and a convenient method to calculate the local node coordinate parameters are also introduced.The general formulas can be extended to space hexahedron elements.